Instruments based on austenitic alloys possess superelastic properties due to the stress-induced martensitic transformation. NiTi alloys can be subclassified as the instruments mainly containing austenitic phase (conventional NiTi, M-wire, R-phase), and those containing martensitic phase (controlled memory wire, ProTaper Gold, and Vortex Blue). These heat-treated instruments also possess improved cyclic fatigue resistance when compared to conventional NiTi alloys. The main purpose of these treatments is to impart a more martensitic phase into the files at normal body temperature, so that the maximum advantage of flexibility can be obtained. These treatments include thermal, mechanical, electropolishing, and recently introduced electric discharge machining. Since the last decade, different proprietary processing procedures have been introduced to further improve the mechanical properties of NiTi alloys. Consequently, there has been considerable research conducted to investigate the mechanisms behind the occurrence of these procedural errors. However, despite of their superior mechanical properties, NiTi alloys still pose some risk of fracture. They have considerable advantages over the conventional stainless steel file in terms of mechanical properties. Ever since their introduction, nickel–titanium (NiTi) alloys have continued to revolutionize the field of endodontics.
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